THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (Syria) – CE661-750
Muawaiyah bin Abu Sufiyan founded the Umayyad caliphate in CE661 after the short-lived Caliphate of Hasan, the Prophet’s grandson. He was the governor of Syria under the third Caliph Othman.
The Umayyads ruled for 92 years from their capital Damascus until the reign of Marwan bin Muhammad in CE750. They were overthrown by the Abbasids. Six years later, an Umayyad prince escaping persecution at the hands of Abbasids founded an Umayyad kingdom in Cordoba, Spain. This western branch, which became very prosperous, lasted till 1031.
NOTED CALIPHS
Muawiyah 661-680
Yazid I 680-683
Muawiyah II 683-684
Marwan I 684-685
Abdul Malik 685-705
Al-Walid 705-715
Suleiman 715-717
Omar ibn Aziz 717-720
Yazid II 720-724
Hisham 724-743
Al-Walid II 743-744
Yazid III 744-744
Ibrahim 744-744
Marwan II 744-750
THE ABASSID CALIPHATE (Iraq) – 750-1258
Abu Abbas founded the Abbasid caliphate in CE750. The Abbasids, the descendants of al-Abbas, uncle of the Prophet, ruled for half-a-millennium, one of Islam’s most enduring dynasties. The Abbasid era came to end with the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in CE1258. The caliphate reached its zenith in the reign of Harun al-Rashid. Though the Abbasid powers of governance ended in CE945, when their political authority passed into the hands of the Buyids and later the Turkish Sultans, the Seljuks, they continued to exercise spiritual powers.
NOTED CALIPHS
Abu Abbas 750-754
Al-Mansur 754-775
Al-Mehadi 775-785
Al-Hadi 785-786
Harun al-Rashid 786-809
Al-Ameen 809-813
Al-Ma’mun 813-833
Al-Mu’tasim 833-842
Al-Wathiq 842-847
Al-Mitawakkil 847-861
Al-Mutasir 861-862
Al-Munstain 862-866
Al-Mu’tazz 866-869
Al-Muqtadi 869-870
Al-Mutamid 870-892
Al-Mutadid 892-902
Al-Muqtafi 902-908
Al-Muqtadir 908-932
Al-Qahir 932-934
Al-Rad 934-940
Al-Muttaqi 940-944
Al-Mustaqfi 944-946
Al-Muti 946-974
Al-Tai 974-991
Al-Qadir 991-1031
Al-Qaim 1031-1075
Al-Muqtadi 1075-1094
Al-Mustazhir 1094-1118
Al-Mustarshid 1118-1135
Al-Rashid 1135-1136
Al-Muqtafi 1136-1160
Al-Mustanjid 1160-1170
Al-Mustadi 1170-1180
Al-Nasir 1180-1225
Al-Zahir 1225-1226
Al-Mustansir 1226-1242
Al-Mustansim 1242-1258
THE BUYID DYNASTY (945-1055)
The Buyids were Daylamis, a Turkic people settled around the Caspian Sea. They were Shiites of the Zaidi branch. In 945, under Ahmed Buyid’s command, they invaded Mesopotamia (Iraq) and occupied Baghdad. The caliph declared Buyid “Frontier of the Empire” (Muizz al-Dawlah). The Buyids remained the de facto rulers till the coming of the Seljuk Turks. During the reign of Ahmed, the Buyids enjoyed a position of strength. After his death, hostilities broke out between his brothers and one of them Adud al-Dawlah emerged victorious. After his death in 983, the Buyid dynasty broke up and finally gave way to the Seljuks in CE1055.
NOTED RULERS
Amadud Dawlah 945-949
Raknud Dawlah 949-977
Adadud Dawlah 977-986
Samsamud Dawlah 983-986
Sharafud Dawlah 986-989
Bahud Dawlah 989-1011
Sultanud Dawlah 1011-1020
Sharafud Dawlah 1020-1025
Jalalud Dawlah 1025-1043
Abukalinjar 1043-1048
Malakur Rahim 1048-1055
SELJUK DYNASTY – Iraq (1038-1194)
The Seljuks, scions of a Turkish chieftain of the same name, joined the Qara-Khanids at Bukhara where their influence grew. Two brothers, Tughril Beg Muhammad and Chaghri Beg Daud, wrested Khurasan from the Ghaznavids Masud in CE1040. They deported his descendants to India. They also occupied central and western Persia, drove out the Buyids, and ultimately in 1055, destroyed the 110-year old Buyid hegemony over the Abbasid caliphate, and occupied Baghdad. With the coming of the Seljuks, a new institution, the Sultanate was created. Caliph Qaim gave Tughril the title of “King of the East and West” and delegated the running of the Sultanate to him. Thus, the political unity of the Abbasids was re-established under the Seljuks. The reign of Malik Shah-I (1072-92), who succeeded his father Alp Arslan, marked the fullest expansion of Seljuk power. Under the fourth Sultan Berkyaruk (1094-1104), the empire began to weaken with many princes acquiring autonomous power. Though they dealt effectively with Byzantine power in the early years, during the 12th century they were unable to save off the Crusaders. The last Seljuk Sultan, Tughril II, was defeated and killed at Ray in 1194 by Khwasaju Shah.
NOTED RULERS
Tughril Beg 1038-1063
Alp Arslan 1063-1072
Malik Shah-I 1072-1092
Mahmood 1092-1094
Berkyaruk 1094-1104
Malid Shah-II 1104-1105
Muhammad 1105-1118
Sanjar 1118-1157
Note: The dynasty continued through petty princes till 1194
SAUDI DYNASTY – Saudi Arabia (1730-till date)
The Saudi dynasty was founded by Muhammad bin Saud. Earlier Muhammad bin Saud was the emir of Dariya. Later, with the help of the great Islamic reformer, Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, he spread his influence over much lf the Arabian Peninsula.
NOTED RULERS
The First Period
Muhammad bin Saud 1730-1765
Abdul Aziz bin Mohammad 1765-1803
Saud bin Abdul Aziz 1803-1814
Abdullah bin Saud 1814-1818
The Second Period
Abdul Aziz (ibn Saud) 1902-1953
Saud bin Abdul Aziz 1953-1964
Faisal bin Abdul Aziz 1964-1975
Khalid bin Abdul Aziz 1975-1982
Fahd bin Abdul Aziz 1982-2005
Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz 2005-2015
Salman bin Abdul Aziz 2015-till date
THE FATIMID CALIPHATE – Egypt (909-1171)
Abu Abdallah Hudain destroyed the kingdom of the Aghlabids in 909 CE and founded the Fatimid dynasty. He made Ubaidallah as Mahdi (the hidden imam). The Mahdi had Abu Abdallah Hussain and built a capital called Mahdiyan in Tunisia. In 969 CE, under al-Muizz, the Fatmids conquered Egypt and the capital shifter to Cairo. The Fatimid rulers called themselves caliphs, thus laying claim to political and spiritual supremacy in Islam. They were Ismailis, an off-shoot of the Shiites. Under Muizz, the Fatimid empire extended into Arabia, Syria and north Africa, though they could not conquer the whole Muslim world. During the 58-year reign of Mustansir––the longest in Muslim history––the Fatimids declined. Finally, the Seljuk Turks, ended their hopes of a universal empire.
NOTED RULERS
Al-Mahdi 909-934
Al-Qain 934-945
Al-Mansur 945-952
Al-Aziz 952-975
Al-Hakim 996-1021
Al-Zahir 1021-1036
Al-Mustansir 1036-1094
Al-Mustadi 1094-1101
Al-Amir 1101-1130
Al-Hafiz 1130-1149
Al-Zafir 1149-1154
Al-Faiz 1154-1160
Al-Abid 1160-1171
AYYUBID DYNASTY – Egypt (1171-1250)
The Ayyubid dynasty was founded by Salah ad-Din Ayyubi, popularly known as Saladin in the West. He was in the military service of Nur ad-Din, the emir of Syria and succeeded his uncle Shirukh, the Wazir of the Nile valley, in 1169. After consolidating his position, Salah ad-Din had the name of the Abbasid caliph Mustadi read in the khutba in 1171, replacing the Shiite Abid, the last Fatimid. After Nur ad-Din’s death the title of Sultan was conferred on him by the caliph. The Ayyubid dynasty extended from Tunisia to the mountains of Armenia, including parts of Yemen. It continued for nearly 60 years after the death of Salah ad-Din in 1193. The empire ended in the West at the hands of the Mamluks and in Syria it was overrun by the Mongols.
NOTED RULERS
Salah ad-Din 1171-1193
Malik al-Aziz 1193-1198
Malik al-Adil 1198-1218
Malik al-Kamil 1218-1238
Malik al-Adil II 1238-1240
Malik al-Saleh 1240-1249
Turna Shah 1249-1250
BAHRI DYNASTY (Egypt) – 1259-1382
After the downfall of the Ayyubids, the Bahri Mamluks (slave troops) seized power under the Commander Kutuz. They were called Bari Mamliks because their barracks were on the islands of Radah in the River Nile (Bahr al-Nil). The Mamluks defeated the Mongols in a decisive battle, which stopped the westward march of the Mongols forever in 1260 at Ain Jalut in Palestine. Baybers succeeded Kituz, and became one of the great figures in Muslim history. During his reign, the Mamluk system of government was finalised in Egypt. Two years after his death in 1277, has son, while on an expedition to Asia Minor against the Mongols, was ousted.
His successor, Qalaun (1279-1290), was famous as a conqueror of the remaining crusader foothold along the Syrian coast and as organiser of the Mamluk army. The next four generations were his own descendants. One of these, al-Malik al-Nasir, who came to the throne in 1293, as a child, reigned till 1341 and gave the country a relatively stable government after beating both the Persian Mongols and putting down a rebellion in upper Egypt. At the height of Mamluk power, it extended over the whole of Syria as far as the middle Euphrates. After the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the Mamluks sheltered one of the Abbasid princes in Cairo and formally acknowledged him as sovereign. The Abbasid Caliph at Cairo was acknowledged by the Delhi Sultanate and recognised by the Sharifs of Makkah and Medina. His presence in Cairo conferred a legitimacy and prestige to the Mamluk Sultans. This branch of the Abbasid caliphs continued in Egypt till CE1538.
NOTED RULERS
Sayf ad-Din Qutuz 1259-1260
Rukn al-Din Baybars-I 1260-1277
Nasir al-Din Berks Khan 1277-1279
Sayial Din Qilawan 1279-1290
Salah al-Din Muhammad 1290-1293
Nasir al-Din Muhammad 1293-1294
Zain al-Din Ketbogha 1294-1296
Husam al-Din Lachin 1296-1299
Nasir al-Din Muhammad 1299-1299 (2nd term)
Rukn al-Din Baybars-II 1299-1310 (Burji Mamluk)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad 1310-1341 (3rd term)
Saif al-Din Abu Bakr 1341-1341
Ala al-Din Kuchak 1341-1342
Shihab al-Din Ahmad 1342-1343
Imad al-Din Ismail 1343-1345
Saif al-Din Shaban-I 1345-1347
Saif al-Din Haji-I 1347-1347
Nasir al-Din al-Hasan 1347-1351
Salah al-Din Salih 1351-1354
Nasir al-Din al-Hasan 1354-1361 (2nd term)
Salah al-Din Muhammad 1361-1362
Nasir al-Din al-Shaban 1362-1376
Ala al-Din Ali 1376-1381
Saif al-Din Haji-II 1381-1382
BURJI (MAMLUKS) DYNASTY (Egypt) – 1382-1517
The supremacy of the Bahri Mamluks finally came to an end after a long period of disorder in 1390. They were replaced by another series of Mamluk rulers, called the Burji (or Circassian) sultans because the regiments which supported them were stationed in barracks near a tower (burj) and had adopted the Turkish language and customs. Barquqe, the founder of the Burji regime, was a forceful ruler, who won a bitter struggle against his rivals (1389-92) and extended his authority over Syria. Egypt then went through an unsettled period, during which in 1412, an attempt was made to instal one of the puppet Abbasid Caliphs as ruler. Things were unstable until Barsbal (1422-1438) ascended the throne. He was the ablest general among the Burji Sultans. His victories in Cyprus in 1426 and against the “White Sheep” Turcomans and other princelings in Syria and Mesopotamia of Egypt back on the map. Few among the Sultans after him possessed his military abilities. The Mamluks spent large sums on building ostentatious tombs, which still stand near Cairo. However, there was a pious and frugal Sultan Chaqmaq, who spent lavishly only to support learned men. The later Mamluk sultans were unable to adopt any definite foreign policy or strategy, therefore, their influence dwindled and they were pushed back by the “White Sheep” Torcomans and later the Ottoman Turks. Their fortunes declined greatly during the reign of Qansuh II al-Ghuri. Thus, Ottoman Sultan Selim-I overran the Mamluk forces near Aleppo in 1516 and ultimately put an end to the Burji dynasty in January 1517, with his subsequent capture in Cairo.
NOTED RULERS
Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq 1382-1389
Hajji II second reign (Bahri dynasty) 1389
Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq 1390-1399 (2nd term)
Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1399-1405
Mansur Izz-ad-Din Abd-al-Aziz 1405
Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1405-1412 (2nd term)
Adil al-Mustain 1412
(Abbasid Caliph in Cairo, proclaimed Sultan)
Muayyad Sayf-ad-Din Tatar 1412-1421
Muzaffar Ahmad 1421
Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Tatar 1421
Salih Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad 1421-1422
Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay 1422-1437
Aziz Jamal-ad-Din Yusuf 1437-1438
Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Jaqmaq 1438-1453
Mansur Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman 1453
Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Inal 1453-1461
Muayyad Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad 1461
-*Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Khushqadam 1461-1467
Zahir Sayf-ad-Din Bilbay 1467
Zahir Timurbugha 1467-1468
Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Qait Bay 1468-1496
Nasir Muhammad 1496-1498
Zahir Qansuh 1498-1500
Ashraf Janbalat 1500-1501
Adil Sayf-ad-Din Tuman Bay 1501
Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri 1501-1516
Ashraf Tuman Bay 1516
KHEDIVE DYNASTY-EGYPT (1805-1952)
Muhammad Ali 1805-1848 (Pasha)
Ibrahim 1848
Abbas Hilmi I 1848-1854
Muhammad Said 1854-1863
Ismail 1863-1879 (Khedive, 1867-79)
Muhammad Tawfiq 1879-1892
Abbas Hilmi II 1892-1914
Hussain Kamil 1914-1917 (Sultan)
Ahmad Fuad I 1917-1936 (King, 1922-1936)
Faruq 1936-1952,
Ahmad Fuad II 1952-1953
[Republic of Egypt, 1953-]
Muhammad Naguib 1953-1954 (President)
Gamal Abdel Nasser 1954-1970
Anwar as-Sadat 1970-1981
Mohammed Hosni Mubarak 1981-2012
Muhammad Mursi 2012-2013
Abdel Fattah El-Sisi Since 2014
ALMORAVIDS (1061-1147)
In the middle of the 11th century, an Islamic social, religious and economic reform movement began to spread among the Sanhajan, a clan of the Berber tribes. Around 1056 under Yusuf ibn Tashfin, it acquired political importance. Along with his wife Zaynab, he founded the city of Marrakesh in 1062 and he ruled over Morocco and Algeria till 1083. His followers then moved south to spread Islam among the people of West Africa. Answering an appeal from Spanish Muslims, he sent his troops there and helped defeat the Castilians in 1086. Thereafter he governed Spain directly. His followers known as al-Murabitun from Ribat (Hermitage) were called Almoravides in Spanish. After his death in 1106, during the reign of his son, Ali, control of their territories passed to an ultra-orthodox Islamic party. This triggered off another religious agitation.
NOTED RULERS
Yusuf bin Tashfin 1061-1107
Ali bin Yusuf Tashfin 1107-1143
Tashfin bin Ali 1143-1147
ALMOHADS (1130-1269)
The religious persecution of the Almoravides was opposed by a reformist sect of the Berbers. This movement was started by Muhammad ibn Tumart (d. 1128) whose followers professed the unity of God (Tawhid). They were therefore called al-Muwahhidun (Almohades in Spanish). The movement, started in the Moroccan Atlas region, was extended greatly by early 12th century. After the death of the last Almoravide ruler, Tashfin bin Ali, in 1143, they gained control over the entire North Africa. Meanwhile, Muslim Spain once again split into a number of smaller states. In 1147, under Abd al-Mumin, the Almohades crossed into Spain and within six years captured Spain’s principal Muslim cities, Cordova, Almeria and Granada. Tunis was added to their empire in 1163. They continued to rule until their defeat at the hands of the Christians in 1212 at Hisn al-Ugab. Their influence began declining thereafter, especially after the rise of another Berber dynasty in Morocco––the Marinids. In 1275, there were finally defeated.
NOTED RULERS
Abd al-Mumin 1145-1163
Abu Yaqub Yusuf-I 1163-1184
Yaqub al-Mansoor 1184-1199
Muhammad al-Nasir 1199-1214
Abu Yaqub Yusuf II 1213-1224
Abd al-Wahid I 1224
Abdallah 1224-1227
Yahya 1227-1235
Idris I 1227-1232
Abdul-Wahid II 1232-1242
Ali 1242-1248
Umar 1248-1266
Idris II 1266-1269
MARINIDS (1195-1470)
Three dynasties arose after the fall of the Almohades. They were Banu Mareen (Marinids), Banu Hafas (Hafsids) and Banu Abdul Wad (Watasi). Marinids largely concentrated in the present day Morocco.
NOTED RULERS
Abdalhaqq I 1195-1217
Uthman I 1217-1240
Muhammad I 1240-1244
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr 1244-1258
Umar 1258-1259
Abu Yusuf Yaqub 1259-1286
Abu Yaqub Yusuf 1286-1306
Abu Thabit 1307-1308
Abu l-Rabia 1308-1310
Abu Said Uthman II 1310-1331
Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali 1331-1348
Abu Inan Faris 1348-1358
Muhammad II as Said 1358-1359
Abu Salim Ali II 1359-1361
Abu Umar Taschufin 1361-1362
Abu Zayyan Muhammad III 1362-1366
Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I 1366-1372
Abu l-Abbas Ahmad 1372-1374
Abu Zayyan Muhammad IV 1384-1386
Muhammad V 1386-1387
Abu l-Abbas Ahmad 1387-1393
Abdul Aziz II 1393-1398
Abdullah 1398-1399
Abu Sayeed Uthman III 1399-1420
Abdalhaqq II 1420-1465
The Watasi dynasty capture the throne after the rule of Abdullah in 1470. But in 1550, Saadi Shurfa overthrew them.
HAFASIDS (1228-1569)
The rule by the Hafasids was interrupted twice by the Marinids in 1348-50 and 1352-58.
NOTED RULERS
Abu Zakariya 1229-1249
Muhammad I al-Mustansir 1249-1277
Yahya II al-Watiq 1277-1279
Ibrahim I 1279-1283
Ibn Abi Umara 1283-1284
Abu Hafs Umar I 1284-1295
Abu Bakr II 1318-1346
Ishaq II 1350-1369
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II 1370-1394
Abd al-Aziz II 1394-1434
Uthman 1435-1488
THE SAADI-Morocco (1544-1658)
After the fall of Banu Mareen, Shareef Muhammad became the ruler. This was the beginning of the Saadi dynasty, also called the Sharifi dynasty.
NOTED RULERS
Mohammed I 1554–1557
Abdallah al-Ghalib 1557–1574
Abu Abdallah Mohammed II 1574–1576
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I 1576–1578
Ahmad I al-Mansur 1578–1603
Abdul Abdallah Mohammed III 1603–1607
Zaidan Al Nasir 1607–1628
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II 1628–1631
Al-Walid 1631–1636
Mohammed IV 1636–1654
Ahmad II 1654–1659
FULALI SHURFA DYNASTY-MOROCCO (1664-1727)
The Alawid Sharifs, Sultans & Kings of Morocco
Muhammad ash-Sharif 1631-1659
Muhammad I 1635-1664
Ar-Rashid 1666-1672
Ismail Sultan 1672-1727
Ahmad 1727-1728, 1728-1729
Abd al-Malik 1728
AbdAllâh 1729-34, 1736, 1740-41, 1741-42, 1743-47, 1748-57
Ali 1734-1736
Muh.ammad II 1736-1738
Al-Mustadi 1738-1740, 1742-1743, 1747-1748
Zayn al-Abidin 1741
Muhammad III 1757-1790
Yazid 1790-1792
Hisham 1792-1798
Sulayman 1798-1822
Abd ar-Rahman 1822-1859
Muhammad IV 1859-1873
Al-Hasan I 1873-1894
Abd al-Aziz 1894-1908
Abd al-Hafiz 1908-1912
Yusuf 1912-1927
Muhammad V 1927-1953, 1955-1957, King, 1957-1961
Muhammad VI 1953-1955
Al-Hasan II 1961-1999
Muhammad VII 1999-present
THE MANSAS – Mali (1230-1545)
Partial list of mansas of the Mali Empire
Sundiata Keita 1240-1255
Wali Keita 1255-1270
Ouati Keita 1270-1274
Khalifa Keita 1274-1275
Abu Bakr 1275-1285
Sakura 1285-1300
Gao 1300-1305
Mohammed ibn Gao 1305-1310
Abubakari II 1310-1312
Kankan Musa I 1312-1337
Maghan 1337-1341
Suleyman 1341-1360
Kassa 1360-1360
Mari Diata II 1360-1374
Musa II 1374-1387
Magha II 1387-1389
Sandaki 1389-1390
Mahmud 1390-1400
Unknown Mansas 1400-1546
HUSSAIN DYNASTY-TUNISIA (1705-1957)
The Husaynid Beys of Tunisia
Husayn I 1705-1735
Ali I 1735-1756
Muhammad I 1756-1759
Ali II 1759-1782
Hamuda 1782-1814
Othman 1814
Mahmud 1814-1824
Husayn II 1824-1835
Mustafa 1835-1837
Ahmad I 1837-1855
Muhammad II 1855-1859
Muhammad III as-Sadiq 1859-1882
Ali III 1882-1902
Muhammad IV 1902-1906
Muhammad V 1906-1922
Muhammad VI al-Habib 1922-1929
Ahmad II 1929-1942
Muhammad VII al-Munsif 1942-1943
Muhammad VIII 1943-1957
Rashad al-Mahdi 1957 (King)
Tunisia becomes republic 1957-present
FULANI DYNASTY-NIGERIA (1804-1938)
The “Sokoto Caliph” was the ruler of the Sokoto Caliphate. The official title is Sultan of Sokoto and includes the style “Amir-ul-Momineen“. The post has become increasingly ceremonial since British rule, but the Sultan, considered a spiritual leader in the Muslim community in Nigeria, can still carry a lot of weight with Fulani and Hausa people from northern Nigeria. Shaihu Usman dan Fodio (b. 1754 – d. 20 April 1817), the founder of the dynasty of Sokoto State and of the Fulani Empire (consisting of the Fulbe Jihad states of which Sokoto was suzerain), never used the high style of Sultan (his son was the first to do so), but was simply titled Amir al-Mu´minin, also styled Lamido Julbe (a corruption of ‘Emir of the Fulbe’).
List of Sultans
As mentioned above, the Sultans were also styled Amir al-Mu´minin and Sarkin Musulmi (“King of the Muslims”, basically the autochthonous form of the former, which is the Arabic style of Caliphs and other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims); Mai, occurring in various Sultans’ surnames, is another autochthonous title
Imam Usman dan Fodio 1804-1815
Muhammed Bello 1815-1837
Abu Bakr Atiku 1837-1842
Aliyu Baba dan Bello ‘Mai Cinaka’ 1842–1859
Ahmad bin Atiku I dan `Usuman 1859–1866
Ali bin Bello II 1866–1867
Ahmad Rufa’I 1867–1873
Abu Bakr bin Bello 1873-1877
Mu’adh bin Bello 1877–1881
Umar bin Ali 1881–1891
Abd ar-Rahman dan Abi Bakar 1891–1902
Muhammadu Attahiru I dan Ahmadu 1902–1903
Muhammadu Attahiru II dan Aliyu Baba 1903–1915
Muhammadu dan Ahmadu “Mai Turare” 1915–1924
Muhammadu dan Muhammadu “Tambari” 1924-1931
Hasan dan Mu’azu Ahmadu 1931–1938
Abubakar dan `Usuman as-Siddiq 1938–1988
Ibrahim Dasuki dan Khaliru 1988–1996
Muhammadu Maccido dan Abubakar 1996–2006
Muhammed Sa’adu Abubakar Since 2 November 2006–till date
SAYEEDI DYNASTY-ZANZIBAR (1806-1911)
Salim ibn Sultan 1806-1821
Said ibn Sultan 1806-1856
Majid ibn Said 1856-1870
Barghash ibn Said 1870-1888
Khalifa ibn Barghash 1888-1890
Ali ibn Said 1890-1893
Hamid ibn Thuwayni 1893-1896
Hammud ibn Muhammad 1896-1902
Ali ibn Hammud 1902-1911
Khalifa ibn Kharub 1911-1960
Abdallah ibn Khalifa 1960-1963
Jamshid ibn Abdallah 1963-1964
SELJUKS-RUM, ANATOLIA (1077-1313)
Seljuk Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) 1077-1307
Kutalmish 1060-1077
Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish (Suleiman) 1077-1086
Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092-1107
Malik Shah 1107-1116
Rukn ad-Din Mas’ud 1116-1156
Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156-1192
Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau I 1192-1196
Süleyman II (Suleiman) 1196-1204
Kilij Arslan III 1204-1205
Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau I 1205-1211 (2nd term)
Izz ad-Din Kay Ka’us I 1211-1220
Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I 1220-1237
Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II 1237-1246
Izz ad-Din Kay Ka’us II 1246-1260
Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248-1265
Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh II 1249-1257
Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II 1257-1259 (2nd term)
Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau III 1265-1282
Ghiyath ad-Din Mas’ud II 1282-1284
Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III 1284
Ghiyath ad-Din Mas’ud II 1284-1293 (2nd term)
Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III 1293-1294 (2nd term)
Ghiyath ad-Din Mas’ud II 1294-1301 (3rd term)
Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III 1301-1303 (3rd term)
Ghiyath ad-Din Mas’ud II 1303-1307 (4th term)
Ghiyath ad-Din Mas’ud III 1307
OTTOMAN CALIPHATE – Turkey (1299-1924)
Othman, a descendant of Ertoghrul and founder of the empire, belonged to a clan of the Ghuzz Turks. Thus the dynasty was called Ottomans or Othmanis. Western Anatolia was under the clan when in 1357 it began a series of conquests, which brought Macedonia, Serbia and Bulgaria under its control. Bayazid-I acquired the title of sultan from the Abbasid caliph at Cairo. Taimur checked the ascent of the Ottomans in CE1402. With Muhammad-II’s conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the golden era of the Ottomans began. In 1517, Selim-I conquered Egypt, ending the Abbasid dynasty. The Ottoman Empire reached its zenith during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, whose reign saw great achievement in the military, administration, social institutions and architecture. Istanbul became one of the world’s great cities. In 1571, the Turks lost control of the western Mediterranean to the European powers in a sea battle at Icpanto. With the Portuguese and Russian already making inroads against the Turks and after the second siege of Vienna failed in 1683, the Turks began to decline. During World War-I the Ottomans fought along with Germany and the Austro-Hungary empires but were defeated by the Allies. The republic was proclaimed, the Sultanate was abolished in 1922 and the Caliphate in CE1924.
ARCHITECTS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Osman (1259-1326) The founder of the Ottoman Empire.
Murat I (1319-1389) Osman’s son; captured Thrace in 1363 and by 1369;
conquered Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Serbia.
Murat II (1403-1451) Succeeded his father, Mehmet I, in 1421; continued the
expansionist policy of the Ottomans, waged a series of campaigns against Hungary.
Mehmet II Defeated the last remaining Christian princes south of the
Danubeand captured Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 and Anatolia as far as the Euphrates.
Bayazid II Ended the policy of conquests.
Selim I Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire the heartland of the old Islamic caliphates.
Suleiman I
the Magnificent Expanded the Ottoman expansion by conquering Hungary;
besieged Vienna in 1529; conquered the remainder of Anatolia and the old Abbasid and Seljuk centre in Iraq.
NOTED SULTANS
Osman Gazi 1299-1326
Orhan Gazi 1324/26-60
Murat I 1360-89
Yildirim Bayazid I 1389-1402
Mehmet I 1413-21
Murat II 1421-44 and 1446-51
Fatih Mehmet II 1444-46 and 1451-81
Beyazid II 1481-1512
Yavuz Selim I 1512-20
Suleyman I 1520-66
Selim II 1566-74
Murad III 1574-95
Mehmet III 1595-1603
Ahmed I 1603-17
Mustafa I 1617-18 and 1622-23
Genc Osman II 1618-22
Murad IV 1623-40
Ibrahim 1640-48
Avci Mehmed IV 1648-87
Suleyman II 1687-91
Ahmed II 1691-95
Avci Mehmed V 1648-87
Suleyman III 1687-91
Ahmed II 1691-95
Mustafa II 1695-1703
Ahmed III 1703-30
Mahmud I 1730-54
Osman III 1754-57
Mustafa III 1757-74
Abdulhamid I 1774-89
Selim III 1789-1807
Mustafa IV 1807-08
Mahmud II 1808-39
Abdulmecit 1839-61
Abdulaziz 1861-76
Murad V 1876
Abdulhamid II 1876-1909
Mehmed V 1909-18
Vahdettin VI 1918-22
THE DELHI SULTANATE – India (1206-1526)
Muhammad Shahabuddin of Ghor (Afghanistan), better known as Muhammad Ghori, conquered Multan and Punjab in 1175. He advanced towards Delhi in 1191, and was defeated by Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the first Battle of Tarain. In abour a year, the same rivals met again at the same place. The Second Battle of Tarain (1192) paved the way for Turkish rule in northern India. However, Muhammad Ghori died in 1206, before consolidating his gains. He was succeeded by his former slave Qutubuddin who completed his work. The period from 1206 till the coming of Mughals in 1526, is known as the Delhi Sultanate, since the rule was based in Delhi and the rulers called Sultans. The Sultanate continued for more than 300 years and during this period five dynasties and 32 sultans, including a woman Sultan, ruled over a great part of northern India.
NOTED SULTANS
Qutb-ud-din Aybak 1206-1210
Aram Shah 1210-1211
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1211-1236
Rukn-ud-din Firuz 1236
Raziyyat ud din Sultana 1236-1240
Muiz-ud-din Bahram 1240-1242
Ala-ud-din Masud 1242-1246
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud 1246-1266
Ghiyas-ud-din Balban 1266-1286
Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad 1286-1290
THE KHILJIS
Jalal al-Din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296), founder of the Khilji dynasty, defeated some invading Mongol armies. Alaud Din Khilji (1296-1316), considered the greatest of the Delhi Sultans, unified India and defeated a number of invading Mongol armies. Qutb al-Din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320), the Delhi Sultanate had shrunk during his reign. Invasion of Timur in 1398 and the end of the Tughluq Dynasty as known earlier.
NOTED RULERS
Jalal al-Din Firuz Khilji 1290-1296
Alaud Din Khilji 1296-1316
Qutb al-Din Mubarak Shah 1316-1320
THE TUGHLAQS
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1321-1325
Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325-1351
Firuz Shah Tughluq 1351-1388
Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq II 1388-1389
Abu Baker 1389-1390
Nasir al-Din Muhammad 1390-1394
Mahmud Nasir al-Din 1394-1413
(Sultan Mahmud)
Nusrat Shah at Firuzabad
THE SAYYIDS
Khizr 1414-1421
Mubarik II 1421-1434
Muhamed IV 1434-1445
Alem I 1445-1451
THE LODIS
Bahlul Khan Lodi 1451-1489
Sikandar Lodi 1489-1517
Ibrahim Lodi 1517-1526
defeated by Babur (who replaces the Delhi Sultanate with the Mughal Empire)
MUGHAL EMPIRE
Babar, a descendant of Timur, founded the Mughal Empire in India. At 11, ascended the throne in Ferghana in Transoxiana and by 14 he had conquered Samarkand. The Uzbeks seized both Ferghana and Samarkand following, which he captured Kandhar. In 1526, he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, in the Battle of Panipat. He made Agra his capital. His son and successor, had to fight for power with his brothers and Sher Shah, an Afghan prince, who dethroned him for a while. His son Akbar succeeded him and he consolidated and extended the empire to cover most of northern India and parts of Afghanistan. His son Jehangir followed and then came his son shah Jehan. Shah Jehan built the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra, among other buildings. Aurangzeb, Shah Jehan’s successor, was the last of the great Mughals and under him, the empire reached its zenith. Yet, it was during Auranzeb’s reign that the decline of the empire began.
The last Mughal emperor was Bahadur Shah-II whose reign ended in 1858, after the revolt of 1857. But the empire had long began to weaken. The Mughal rule was noted for its cultural excellence, for its blending of Persian and Indian elements. It was in fact one of the most sophisticated civilisations ever known and its architecture, music, literature and cuisine are known even today.
THE MUGHAL RULERS
Babur 1526-1530
Humayun 1530-1540 [Interregnum 1540-1555]
Humayun 1555-1556
Akbar 1556-1605
Jahangir 1605-1627
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
Aurangzeb 1658-1707
Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I) 1707-1712
Jahandar Shah 1712-1713
Furrukhsiyar 1713-1719
Rafi ul-Darjat 1719-1719
Rafi ud-Daulat (Shah Jahan II) 1719-1719
Nikusiyar 1719-1720
Mohammed Ibrahim 1720-1720
Mohammed Shah (2nd term) 1720-1748
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748-1754
Alamgir II 1754-1759
Shah Jahan III 1760-1760
Shah Alam II 1759-1806
Akbar Shah II 1806-1837
Bahadur Shah II 1837-1857
(aka Bahadur Shah Zafar)
MIR DYNASTY – Kashmir (1339-1540)
CHAK DYNASTY – Kashmir (1563-1587)
GHORIS – Malwa (1392-1436)
KHILJIS – Malwa (1436-1530)
SHARQI DYNASTY – Jaunpur, India (1394-1476)
MUZAFFAR SHAHI DYNASTY – Gujarat (1396-1572)
The Muzaffarid dynasty were sultans of Gujarat in western India from 1391 to 1583. The founder of the dynasty was Zafar Khan Muzaffar (later Muzaffar Shah I) who was governor of Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate. Zafar Khan’s father was a Rajput convert to Islam. When the Sultanate was weakened by the sacking of Delhi by Timur in 1398, and Zafar Khan took the opportunity to establish himself as sultan of an independent Gujarat. His son, Ahmed Shah I established the capital at Ahmedabad. The dynasty ruled for almost 200 years, until the conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal Empire. The sultanate reached its peak of expansion under Mahmud Shah I Begara, reaching east into Malwa and west to the Gulf of Kutch.
During the Muzaffarid rule, Ahmedabad grew to become one of the largest and wealthiest cities in the world, and the sultans were patrons of a distinctive architecture that blended Islamic elements with Gujarat’s indigenous Hindu and Jain architectural traditions. Gujarat’s Islamic architecture presages many of the architectural elements later found in Mughal architecture, including ornate mihrabs and minarets, perforated screens (jali) carved in stone, and pavilions topped with cupolas (chattri).
NOTED MUZAFFARID SULTANS OF GUJARAT
Muzaffar Shah I 1391-1403
Tatar Mohammed I Shah 1403-1407
Muzaffar Shah I (restored) 1407-1411
Ahmed Shah I 1411-1442
Mohammed II Karim Shah 1442-1451
Qutb ud-Din Ahmed Shah II 1451-1458
Da’ud Shah 1458
Mahmud Shah I Begara 1458-1511
Muzaffar Shah II 1511-1526
Sikandar Shah 1526
Nasr Khan Mahmud II 1526
Bahadur Shah 1526-1535
to the Mughal Empire 1535-1536
Bahadur Shah (restored) 1536-1537
Miran Mohammed 1537
Mahmud Shah III 1537-1554
Ahmed Shah III 1554-1561
Muzaffar Shah III 1561-1573
to the Mughal Empire 1573-1583
Muzaffar Shah III (restored) 1583
to the Mughal Empire 1583-1734
BAHMANI KINGDOM – Deccan (1347-1527)
The Deccan, in the south of India, came under control of the Delhi Sultanate during the reign of Alauddin Khilji, but during the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, it was separated into two new states, the Bahmani and Vijaynagar kingdoms. Alauddin Hasan Gunju founded the Bahmani Kingdom in the Deccan in 1347. Its capital, which was at Gulbarga, was shifted to Bedar later.
BAHMANI RULERS
Ala ud din Bahman Shah 1347-1358, establishes capital at Gulbarga
Muhammad Shah I 1358-1375
Ala ud din Mujahid Shah 1375-1378
Daud Shah I 1378-1378
Muhammad Shah II 1378-1397
Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah 1397-1397
Shams ud din Daud Shah II 1397-1397
Taj ud din Feroz Shah 1397-1422
Shahab ud din Ahmad Shah I 1422-1435 establishes capital at Bidar
Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II 1436-1458
Ala ud din Humayun Shah 1458-1461
Nizam ud din Ahmad Shah III 1461-1463
Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah III 1463-1482
Mahmud Shah 1482-1518
Ahmad Shah IV 1518-1521
Ala ud din Shah 1521-1522
Waliullah Shah 1522-1524
Kalimullah Shah 1524-1527
ADIL SHAHI-Bijapur (1489-1685)
Yusuf Adil Shah 1490-1510
Ismail Adil Shah 1510-1534
Mallu Adil Shah 1534-1534
Ibrahim Adil Shah I 1534-1558
Ali Adil Shah I 1558-1580
Ibrahim Adil Shah II 1580-1627
Mohammed Adil Shah 1627-1657
Ali Adil Shah II 1657-1672
Sikandar Adil Shah 1672-1686
NIZAM SHAHI – Ahmadnagar (1490-1633)
The Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar was established in 1490 by Malik Ahmad Shah. The kingdom lay in the northwestern Deccan, between the states of Gujarat and Bijapur. It secured the great fortress of Daulatabad in 1499 and added Berar in 1574.
NIZAM SHAHI RULERS
Malik Ahmad Shah I 1490-1509
Burhan Shah I 1509-1553
Husain Shah I 1553-1565
Murtaza Shah 1565-1588
Miran Husain 1588-1589
Isma’il Shah 1589-1591
Burhan Shah II 1591-1595
Ibrahim Shah 1595-1596
Ahmad Shah II 1596-1596
Bahadur Shah 1596-1600
Murtaza Shah II 1600-1610
Burhan Shah III 1610-1631
Husain Shah II 1631-1633
QUTB SHAHIS-GOLKUNDA (1518-1865)
Sultan Quli Qutb Mulk 1518-1543
Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah 1543-1550
Subhan Quli Qutb Shah 1550-1550
Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah 1550-1580
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 1580-1612
Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah 1612-1626
Abdullah Qutb Shah 1626-1672
Abul Hasan Qutb Shah 1672-1687
SURI DYNASTY (1540-1555)
Sher Shah was the founder of the Suri dynasty. He belonged to a Pathan tribe of Sur. A brilliant general and administrator, Sher Shah began his career as governor of Bihar and rose to become the emperor of India, overthrowing Humayun, the Mughal emperor. His family ruled till 1555.
SURI RULERS
Sher Shah Suri 1540-1545
Islam Shah Suri 1545-1553
Firuz Shah Suri
Muhammad Shah Adil
Ibrahim Shah Suri
Sikandar Shah Suri
Adil Shah Suri
ISKANDAR SHAH DYNASTY – Indonesia (1403-1511)
PATEH HALLA DYNASTY – Batan (1526-1687)
ALI MUGHAYT SYAH DYNASTY (1496-1903)
Aachia state came into existence after the decline of the Samudr Parai state situated in the north western part of Sumatra, it was founded by Ali Maghait Shah. It lasted for over 400 years.
Ali Maghait Shah 1496-1530
Saladin 1530-1539
Aladdin I. Riayat Syah al-Qahhar 1539-1571
Husain Ali Riayat Syah 1571-1579
Muda 1579
Zainul Abidin 1579
Sri Alam 1579
Aladdin II. Mansur Syah 1579-1585/6
Buyong 1585/6-1589
Ri’ayat Syah al-Mukammal 1589-1604
Ali II. 1604-1607
Iskandar I. Muda 1607-1636
Iskandar II. Thani Ala 1636-1641
Safiyat ud-Din Taj al-Alam bint 1641-1675
Iskandar Muda
Naqiyat ud-Din Nur al-Alam 1675-1678
Zaqiyat ud-Din Inayat Shah 1678-1688
Kamalat Shah Zinat ud-Din 1688-1699
Badr 1699-1702
Perkara Alam 1702-1703
Djamal 1703-1726
Djawhar 1726
Shams 1726-1727
Aladdin III. Ahmad 1727-1735
Aladdin IV. Shah Jahan 1735-1760
Mahmud Shah I. 1760-1781
Badruddin 1764-1785
Sulayman Shah I. 1775-1781
Aladdin V. Muhammad 1781-1795
Aladdin VI. Djawhar 1795-1815 + 1824
Sharif Saif 1815-1818
Aladdin VI. Djawhar 1818-1824
Muhammad I. Shah 1824-1838
Sulayman Shah II. 1838-1857
Mansur Shah 1857-1870
Mahmud Shah II. 1870-1874
Muhammad II. Daoud Shah 1874-1903
THE SANUPATI SULTANATE
Mataram, the biggest and most famous Muslims state in Java, was founded by Sanupati. He was the army commander in Demak and had scored victories in several areas of Java and adjoining islands. The Sultanate of Mataram was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java (now a part of Indonesia) before the island was colonised by the Dutch. It was the dominant political force in interior Central Java from the late 16th century until the beginning of the 18th century. The Sultanate of Mataram, an Islamic kingdom based in the region which existed between the 1570s and 1755 approximately with the borders of contemporary Yogyakartan and Surakartan administrative regions.
THE SANUPATI RULERS
Sanupati 1586-1601
Panam Behan Karapeyak 1601-1613
Sultan Uqang 1613-1645
Parabomiyang Kurat 1645-1677
Humang Kurat-II 1677-1703
Humang Kurat-III 1703-1705
Paku Budana-I 1705-1719
Humang Kurat-IV 1719-1725
Paku Budana-II 1725-1749
Paku Budana-III 1749-1755
UMAYYAD CALIPHATE – Spain (756-1030)
The Caliph of Córdoba ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterised by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islamic Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque of Córdoba. The title Caliph was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba. All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756. The Caliph’s rule is known as the splendor of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, although it was practically finished in 1010, with the fitna (or civil war) which started between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (or hayib) Almanzor. Furthermore, the Caliph’s Empire probably was exhausted by its expensive military efforts. However, the Caliph officially existed until 1031, when it was fractured into a number of independent taifas.
UMAYYAD EMIRS
Abd-ar-Rahman I 756-788
Hisham I 788-796
al-Hakam I 796-822
Abd-ar-rahman II 822-852
Muhammad I 852-886
al-Mundhir 886-888
Abdallah ibn Muhammad 888-912
Abd-ar-rahman III 912-929
Abd-ar-Rahman III as caliph 929-961
Al-Hakam II 961-976
Hisham II 976-1008
Mohammed II 1008-1009
Suleiman 1009-1010
Hisham II, restored 1010-1012
Suleiman, restored 1012-1017
Abd-ar-Rahman IV 1021-1022
Abd-ar-Rahman V 1022-1023
Muhammad III 1023-1024
Hisham III 1027-1031
SULTANS OF OMAN
Ahmad ibn Said c. 1754-1783
Said ibn Ahmad 1783-1786
Hamid ibn Said 1786-1792
Sultan ibn Ahmad 1792-1806
Salim ibn Sultan 1806-1821
Said ibn Sultan 1806-1856
Thuwayni ibn Said 1856-1866
Salim ibn Thuwayni 1866-1868
Azzan ibn Qays 1868-1870
Turki ibn Said 1870-1888
Faysal ibn Turki 1888-1913
Taymur ibn Faysal 1913-1932
Said ibn Taymur 1932-1970
[Independent, 1963; Sultan Overthrown in Coup, 1964]
BENGAL RULERS
Rule by the Sultanate
Amin Khan 1271-1278
Tughril Khan (Sultan Mughis Uddin) 1278-1282
Hashimuddin 1282- —
Nasiruddin Mahmud Bughra Khan 1282-1289
Shamsuddin Firuz Shah 1301-1321
Shihabuddin Bughra Khan 1322-1324
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah 1324-1225
Muhammad Shah Tughlaq 1325-1351
Mukhlis 1338-1341
Alauddin Ali Shah (Ali Mubarak) 1341-1342
[Note: The governor of SonarGaon (Central Bengal) died and his guard Fakhr-ud-din Mubarak Khan takes over. He is attacked and defeated by another governor, Kadar Khan, but Kadar is killed by Fakhr’s supporters. Fakhr reconquers SonarGaon. He becomes ruler of most of Bengal (rules Sonargaon until 1350 … he heavily taxed the Hindus). He appointed Mukhlis in power at Laknauti (centre of power)].
ILIYAS SHAHI DYNASTY – Bengal (1342-1538)
SHAHI DYNASTY
Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah 1342-1358
Sikandar Shah 1358-1390
Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1390-1410 (or 1396)
Sultan-us-salatin Saifuddin Hamza Shah 1410-1412 or 1396-405
Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah 1412-1414 or 1405-1415
Alauddin Firoz Shah 1414-1415
[Hindu rulers who converted to Islam]
Sultan Jalaluddin (Yadu) 1415-1431 or 33
Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah 1431/33-1435/37
SHAHI DYNASTY-II
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1435/37-1459
Ruknuddin Barbak Shah 1455-1476
Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah 1474-1481/83
Sultan Sikandar Shah II 1481/83
Jalaluddin Fateh Shah 1482-1487 or 1484
Khoja Barbak 1487
ABYSSINIAN INTERLUDE
Saif-ud-din Firoz Shah 1487-1490
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah II 1490
Shamsuddin Abu Nasir M. Shah 1490-1493
HUSSAIN-SHAHI DYNASTY (1493-1538)
Alauddin Hussain Shah 1493-1519
Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah 1519-1533
Alauddin-Firuz-Shah 1533
Ghiasuddin Mahmud 1533-1538
(Last Hussain-Shahi ruler)
Muhammad Khan 1538
Farid Khan (Shir Shah Sur) who became ruler of Bihar conquered Bengal. He appointed Muhammad Khan as governor. Gaur was ransacked. Humayun, son of Babur (Moghul ruler) took back Gaur in 1539 but lost it the next year.
Muhammad Shah 1555
Ghiasuddin Bahadur Shah 1555-1560
Ghiasuddin Abul Muzaffar Jalal Shah 1560-1563
KARRANI DYNASTY
Taj Khan Karrani 1564-1566
Sulaiman (II) Khan Karrani 1565-1572
Bayazid Karrani 1572
Daud Khan 1574-75
SELJUK RULERS
Rulers of Seljuk Dynasty 1037-1157
Tugrul I (Tugrul Beg) 1037-1063
Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063-1072
Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072-1092
Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092-1093
Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1093-1104
Mu’izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
Ghiyasuddin Muhammad/Mehmed I Tapar 1105-1118
Mahmud II 1118-1131
Mu’izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1131-1157
Seljuk Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187
Kerman was a nation in southern Persia. It fell in 1187, probably conquered by Toğrül III of Great Seljuk.
Qawurd 1041-1073
Kerman Shah 1073-1074
Sultan Shah 1074-1075
Hussain Omar 1075-1084
Turan Shah I 1084-1096
Iran Shah 1096-1101
Arslan Shah I 1101-1142
Mehmed I (Muhammad) 1142-1156
Toğrül Shah 1156-1169
Bahram Shah 1169-1174
Arslan Shah II 1174-1176
Turan Shah II 1176-1183
Mehmed II (Muhammad) 1183-1187
Seljuk Rulers in Syria 1076-1117
Abu Sa’id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085-1086
Jalaluddaulah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086-1087
Qasimuddaula Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1087-1094
Abu Sa’id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (2nd term) 1094-1095
Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan 1095-1113
Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113-1114
Sultan Shah 1114-1123
Sultans/Emirs of Damascus
Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076-1079
Abu Sa’id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079-1095
Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095-1104
Tutush II 1104
Muhi ad-Din Baqtash 1104
Atabegs of Aleppo
Lulu 1114-1117
Shams al-Havas Yariqtash 1117
Imad ad-Din Zengi 1128-1146
Nur ad-Din 1146-1174